Justice in Law Enforcement - 1790 Words

Justice in Law Enforcement The true concept of justice is a concept involving moral, fair, and impartial treatment of all individuals. Justice is a concept that has many different translations and a concept that can be changed on a case-by-case basis. Justice, as it pertains to law enforcement, is an example of the many faces of justice and how it can be subjective. Conceptually, justice is synonymous with law enforcement. Within this profession, justice can be defined as the ability to treat perpetrators and all individuals encountered, while on the job, with the highest quality of fairness. In order for law enforcement to promote a universal definition of justice, officers must possess the moral ability to lawfully enforce laws of the†¦show more content†¦It refers to an individual, in the custody of the law, being questioned with prior warning of their rights. When officers use the Miranda rule, individuals are warned of their right to remain silent and the right to an attorney. Officers also advise the individual anything they say can be used against them in a court of law. This rule is used as a protection mechanism for individuals who feel obligated to respond to police questioning without understanding consequences this may pose. These forms of practices by law enforcement promote justice by regarding an individuals rights. Upholding such laws, allows law enforcement to administer justice in the manner in which it is intended by law. Because there are exceptions to the rules, many may feel these practices do not demonstrate justice. Although laws are set i n placed to protect citizens, exceptions allow law enforcement and government to flex their muscles when needed. Changes in Law Enforcement after September 11, 2001 In the wake of September 11, 2001 the United States opened its eyes to the need for new and improved policies that addressed terrorism and homeland security. Law enforcement experienced many changes in their operations and methods of response to such tragic events. The creation of The National Strategy for Homeland Security evoked a federal policy change that included the focus on many issues that were not visible prior to September 11, 2001. TheShow MoreRelatedLaw Enforcement And Criminal Justice Enforcement818 Words   |  4 PagesHistorically, law enforcement response to victims of violent and/or personal crimes has been limited to focusing on securing and prosecuting the offender. A profound shift in this thinking began in the early 2000’s when it was discovered that there was remarked improvements in legal outcomes when law enforcement engaged the victim in the process, and this historical stance on victims is no longe r the norm. In 2003, the International Association of Chiefs of Police held a focus group on the statusRead MoreLaw Enforcement And Justice System1134 Words   |  5 PagesTaylor Krug 4/18/15 LAWS – Capstone Course Prof. Parys ACI In this course we have taken several field trips in order to get an understanding of the places and operations we have learned of in our previous courses in this degree program. From the patrol officers making arrests, to the courthouses where judges give sentencing, to the prisons where guilty parties serve their sentence, the Law Enforcement and Justice System is a complex yet straightforward system. Meant to grant justice to the communityRead MoreLaw Enforcement And Criminal Justice System2527 Words   |  11 PagesLaw enforcement agencies together with the entire criminal justice system of the United states have for a long time been accused of exhibiting biasness when it comes to the implementation of the law. The two systems have been accused of being harsh on particular ethnic communities and being too lenient on other communities. One perfect exemplification of the discrimination and bias exhibited by law enforcement agencies regards the criminalization of Black and Latino c ommunities. Recent statisticsRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Law Enforcement Agencies960 Words   |  4 PagesThe Criminal Justice System works to enforce laws within the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of the government. To insure the criminal justice agencies are organized and functioning, it is typically divided into three main components. The three main components are law enforcement agencies, court agencies, and correctional agencies (Siegel Worrall, 2015). Law enforcement agencies are in charge of thoroughly investigating the crimes and detaining suspects (Siegel Worrall, 2015). CourtRead MoreThe Law Enforcement System And The Criminal Justice System Essay1657 Words   |  7 PagesThe Law enforcement system is one of the major components within the Criminal Justice System. According to the National Center for Victims of Crime (2008), The Law enforcement system plays a critical key role within the Criminal Justice system, since â€Å"Law enforcement offi cers take reports for crimes that happen in the area, then the officers investigate crimes and both gather and protect evidence, officers may arrest offenders, give testimony during the court process, and conduct follow up investigationsRead MoreJuvenile Justice : A Difficult Area For Law Enforcement Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesJuvenile justice can be a difficult area for law enforcement. This is said because unlike adult offenders in the criminal justice system, the juvenile justice is about reform rather than incarceration. The thought process behind juvenile justice is to help these children to become better adults, not only for their community, but also for their workforce as well. There are some rules when handling delinquents. A great example would be an adult who has a public intoxication and has to spend a nightRead MoreCriminal Justice System : A System Of Law Enforcement1616 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract The criminal justice system is a system of law enforcement that is directly involved in prosecuting, defending, sentencing, and punishing people suspected of crime or convicted of felony offenses. The criminal justice system is made of three major components; law enforcement, courts, and corrections. All have subcomponents that work together in order for the system to function properly and maintain order. The three major components have big backgrounds that lead up to the way they functionRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Biased? Law Enforcement2004 Words   |  9 PagesIs the criminal justice system biased? Law enforcement has used techniques such as criminal profiling to achieve the responsibility of protecting and serving society. How they use this practice is the key to whether the system is biased. Criminal profiling is a research method used by law enforcement professionals to select the potential suspects of a specific crime. Zapf (2011) stated â€Å"Criminal profiling is the process of identifying behavioral tendencies, personality traits, geographic locationRead MoreLaw Enforcement and Criminal Justice Careers Essay2460 Words   |  10 Pages Law enforcement is a career that is both violent and rewarding in many capacities. Justice needs to be served in law enforcement and they have a responsibility to uphold the law and serve the people in the community. Law enforcement is crucial in the world today as a global realm as life continues to be more complex and law enforcement struggles to combat many aspects of crime. In order to combat these problems and have a positive future in the criminal justice system, everyone must work togetherRead MoreEssay on Women in Criminal Justice: Attorneys and Law Enforcement2284 Words   |  10 PagesDuring the late nineteenth-century, women went to court to continue to secure their rights to participate in public life: to vote, to be a justice of the peace, to be a notary public, to serve as school district di rectors, school committee officers, school officers, and prosecuting attorneys, an of course to practice law (Drachman, 1998). The criminal justice system is a male dominated occupation. For many years women have tried to break down the barrier and some have succeeded. But unlike men

Who Is Frank Nitti - 1461 Words

Thesis: Organized crime was has flourished in the united states for the past century. There have been countless investigations and studies conducted on this topic. Organized crime is composed of numerous ethnic and transnational groups operating together or apart with legitimate and illegitimate businesses and political entities (Lyman, M. D. ,2015). The media has glamorized these criminals creating the idea that they are like the lone wolf, or Robin Hood of society. One of the most iconic depictions of organized crimes can be seen by the mafia movies, and stories. This paper will discuss the mob man known as Frank ‘The Enforcer’ Nitti. In addition, the paper will go into detail on who this man is, what he specialized in, what his organization was, who hung around him and also give police officers a profile on this criminal. Who is Frank Nitti?: Francesco Raffaele Nitto (Frank Nitti) was born on January 27, 1886 in the country of Italy. At the age of seven, frank, his mother and older sister immigrated to New York to be with their step father. The family had hopes of living the American dream. Once in the United States, Nitti went to work as a bowling alley pinsetter, then was a factory worker and later became a barber. Due to the fact that frank could speak and write in English he was considered the most job prosperous member of his family. Consequently, Nitti dropped out of school in order to be able to work more. During his teenage years frank continued to work as aShow MoreRelatedWho Is Frank Nitti?1067 Words   |  5 Pagesor Robin Hood of society. This paper will discuss the mob man known as Frank ‘The Enforcer’ Nitti. In addition, the paper will go into detail on who this man is, what he specialized in, what his organization was, who hung around him and also give police officers a profile on this crimina l. Who is Frank Nitti?: Francesco Raffaele Nitto (Frank Nitti) was born on January 27, 1886 in the country of Italy. At the age of seven, frank, his mother and older sister immigrated to New York to be with their stepRead MoreRoad to Perdition Essay example1016 Words   |  5 Pagesthat Rooney will protect Connor, turns to the Capone gang, run by Frank Nitti (Stanley Tucci), in Chicago. Although Sullivan is viewed as an asset and commands much respect from his underworld cronies, Nitti is protecting Connor and hires a killer to dispatch the unrelenting elder Sullivan. The Michaels, father and son, head for a relative’s home in a town called Perdition, hotly pursued by Maguire (Jude Law), a psychotic assassin who kills his victims and then photographs them. The Sullivan’s six-weekRead MoreProhibition and the Mafia Essay740 Words   |  3 Pagesalcohol. The people who took advantage of this opportunity were known as â€Å"Bootleggers†. With the enactment of this law organized crime was established, allowing men such as Al Capone to capitalize and make millions. Him and many others took a stand against the government and at the same time they profited extremely well off of it Temperance movement advocators brought on the creation of the â€Å"Volstead Act† which was later changed to the 18th amendment and prohibitionist who believed that alcoholRead MoreEssay on The Road to Perdition1580 Words   |  7 Pagesstory’s title suggests that Michael has for many years been traveling the road to hell. He understands as much, and wants his son to avoid the same highway, a road with no off ramps. Then there is John Rooney (Paul Newman in his last feature film role) who is the embodiment of Satan in the film, the pitiless head of an Irish crime family. If his actions weren’t clear enough, he includes the devil in a toast, and late in the film in a conference with Michael below a church tells his younger protà ©gà ©, â€Å"thereRead MoreThe Existence Of Extraterrestrial Life Essay1086 Words   |  5 PagesGiven the huge number of galaxies, stars, and planets estimated to be in the universe, there is a high probability that life has arisen somewhere besides Earth, and the Drake Theory agrees, (What are the odds there is life in outer space?). In 1961 Frank Drake produced a formula that has been debated about for decades (What are the odds there is life in outer space?). The Drake Equation estimates the number of potential intelligent life in our galaxy (What are the odds there is life in outer spaceRead MoreCrj100 Essay1312 Words   |  6 Pagesimmigrant family in Brooklyn, New York in 1899, Al Capone quit school after the sixth grade and associated with a notorious street gang, becoming accepted as a member. Johnny Torrio was the street gang leader and among the other members was Lucky Luciano, who would later attain his own notoriety. About 1920, at Torrio’s invitation, Capone joined Torrio in Chicago where he had become an influential lieutenant in the Colosimo mob. The rackets spawned by enactment of the Prohibition Amendment, illegal brewingRead MoreCrime Of Organized Crime And Criminal Structures1864 Words   |  8 Pagesties to each other become strong when there is especially trust or there could be no trust, however, those ties can become strong at some point. My paper will be about on the organized criminal structures that Frank Costello had. In the book, it has a lot of personal ties telling the reader who ties personally that Costello had with people that is what the paper will be about. In the illegal activities that Costello committed, what type of crimes has he committed. All of the activities that CostelloRead MoreEssay on Al Capone1286 Words   |  6 Pageswrite English. This was not the case with Capones family. Gabrielle Capone, Alponse’s father was one of 43,000 Italians who arrived in the United States in 1894. He was a barber by trade and could read and write his native language. He was from the village of Castellmare Distabia, sixteen miles south of Naples. (Encyclopedia Of World Crime) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gabrielle who was thirty years old when he arrived in America brought with him his pregnant twenty seven year old wife Teresina, hisRead MoreAl Capone Essay1485 Words   |  6 Pagesgeneration, Capone was forced to either deal with a miserable low wage job with a hopeless future or make an improvement for himself by committing first petty and then serious crime. Al Capones philosophy was to the effect that laws only applied to people who had enough money to abide by them. While in the Bim Booms Gang, Capone was taught how to defend himself by way of a knife, and if needed, by way of a revolver. By the time Capone reached sixth grade he had already become a street brawler. CaponeRead MoreThe Rise Of Organized Crime2736 Words   |  11 Pageswell in school he did not like the rules and was expelled from school after assaulting a female teacher. After that he worked a few jobs including a bowling alley and candy store before getting into a few small time gangs and meeting Johnny Torrio who he would later look up to as a mentor. Soon Capone would leave the small time gangs and join the Brooklyn rippers and later on the Five points gang that was based out of lower Manhattan. At this time Capone worked for Frankie Yale a bar tender at the

Case Discussion of Renal Failure Requiring CRRT/IHD

Question: Discuss about theCase Discussion of Renal Failure Requiring CRRT/IHD. Answer: Introduction Patients with kidney failure are faced with a situation where kidneys no longer functions. There might be several complications associated with such conditions as high blood pressure, anemia and heart diseases with symptoms as feeling tired or confusion or loss of appetite or leg swelling(Montague, 2008). Patient with impaired renal functions needs to be identified in cases of critical illness. Serum creatinine acts as a standard measure for measurement of renal functions and defining patients with chronic kidney disease. The current case analysis involves diagnosing a patient faced with renal failure whose blood tests are included along with a reflection on understanding relative to the case. Case Presentation The case is concerned with a 80 year old Chinese patient who was admitted to ICU for renal failure. The patient had Hyperkalemia (K 9.0 ) with decompensated metabolic acidosis (HCO3 13, pH 7.16) and fluid overload, hypertension - b/g ESRF, etiology unclear on HD 2/4/6 via L AVF. b/g ESRF, etiology unclear on HD 2/4/6 via LAVF - underwent emergent HD overnight, venous pressure high 400 (heparin-free dialysis) thus terminated HD 45 mins earlier, UF 2.3L (target was 2.5-3L) - post-dialysis weight 51.5kg on 14/10/17(DW 51.9kg acc to AMK FMC) - recheck K 5.9 2hours post dialysis, given resonium -started on CPAP EPAP 10, FiO2 30% for fluid overload, pt felt less SOB after, declined CPAP subsequently, weaned off from VM to RA - Trop I neg x 2 (48 62) - underwent 2nd session of dialysis (heparinsed) on 14/10/17, repeat RP post-dialysis: repeat K 4.7 2.Non-specific giddiness - ?Rhomberg's +ve, nil cerebellar signs - CT brain (14/10/17): Nonspecific left frontal subcortical white matter hypo density, may represent early chronic microvascular ischemic change or age-indeterminate infarct.Chronic infarcts. b/g Ca colon s/p primary resection 20years ago, moderately severe AR, HTN, HLD, Hepatic cysts/ erosive gastritis Above analysis for patient is undertaken and conducted using self-reflection. Analysis of pertinent findings from the patient in this case reflects renal failure required CRRT with IHD(Packham, 2015). All indications of the patient reflects that with failing IHD and dizziness, he requires IHD for overcoming his current conditions. Reflection In cases of this patient diagnosed with end-stage renal disease, hyperkalemia is considered to be a common condition(Lehnhardt, 2011). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been identified as a leading health challenge across the globe. With a number of growing elderly and patients of hypertensions health care practitioners will be faced with complex problems arising from renal failure. Such conditions affecting the patient has also led to effect on cardiac conductivity. Potassium content on an average person is expected to be at 3500 mmol where 98% are present in cells with only 2% being in extracellular compartments(Pannu, 2008). Changes in distribution amongst compartments of cells can change serum potassium concentration. While potassium is taken in, it is also excreted out. Excretion of potassium depends on renal activity and has no connection to intestinal excretions. It has been seen that maximum amount of oral potassium (approximately 90-95%) is excreted in urine and rest in stool . Excretion of oral potassium is a slow process and dietary potassium is absorbed first in extracellular fluid. Such dietary potassium excretion could easily lead to hyperkalemia in case it does not shifts from extracellular to intracellular compartments. Factors that might stimulate potassium shifts are insulin, metabolic alkalosis and catecholamine(Einhorn, The frequency of hyperkalemia and its significance in chronic kidney disease, 2009). As the patient in this case has end stage renal failure, kidneys that are responsible for excreting potassium cannot do so leading to hyperkalemia. The patient was visiting Nephrology Clinic as he was referred from Hepatology Clinic. He had been diagnosed with ESKD (End stage kidney failure) causes were unknown. The patient had been having HD treatment since July 2015. He had a history of colon cancer 20 years ago and hypertension with Dyslipidemia. He visited Hepatology Dr. Lee YM for erosive gastritis and hepatic cysts(Weisberg, 2008). He vomited and was feeling unwell with high BP which caused him to miss HD on 10th and 12th October. He also had lower limb weakness due to hyperkalemia which affects muscles. He had increasing dyspnea and orthopnea also in past few days reflecting that hyperkalemia had affected his heart. He had also been facing metabolic acidosis and fluid overload. Therefore, the patient was admitted to MICU for close up monitoring of cardiac activity. The patient has excess of potassium levels in extracellular compartments exceeding 5.5 (it is 9 in this case). But as seen in multiple cases hyperkalemia is seen in patients with excess intake of potassium through oral or intravenous supplementation. The case patient here has end-stage renal disease, skipping dialysis treatment (HD). It has been noted that drugs along with age have impaired urinary potassium excretion that have further aggravated hyperkalemia(Weir, Patiromer in patients with kidney disease and hyperkalemia receiving RAAS inhibitors, 2015). In cardiac tissues of the patient, hyperkalemia attacks cells with excitability making less capable to depolarize. The most feared clinical consequence faced by the patient is its effect on cardiac conductivity. The patient also suffers from hypertension, two sessions of HD had to be terminated and one session had to be stopped 45 minutes earlier as blood pressure rose immensely. There is peaked T-waves with prolonged PR intervals. The condition experienced by the patient is bound to affect his skeletal muscles rendering parasthesias and motor weakness. For treating the patient all life-threatening effects on cardiac conductivity has to be treated. Firstly, as patient feels dizzy intravenous infusion of calcium salts as calcium chloride or calcium gluconate has to be administered to change EKG(Smith, 2008). The threshold for cardiac muscles will help decrease excitability by increase administration of serum-calcium concentration. According to my learning and reflection, hemodialysis is the best therapy for severe hyperkalemia and patient with end stage renal disease. The patient needs to institute temporizing measures for lowering serum potassium accurately 2 hours before starting of hemodialysis. The therapy will help the patient to rapidly shift intracellular fluid compartments. It can be done using beta-2, bicarbonate and adrenergic agonists. Intravenous Insulin with combination of glucose will help in correction of hyperkalemia. The patient can develop hypoglycemia in this therapy, but Insulin with glucose is the most reliable drug. Intravenous Albuterol also can lower potassium in stable dialysis but it caused rise in seru m insulin levels. The patient had been given once cycle of IV calcium gluconate, insulin-dextrose given once. The patient is ESRD for treating of hyperkalemia removal of potassium either through gastrointestinal track (GI) or dialysis is undertaken. For this patient having hepatological factors referred to nephrological unit. Dialysis is the best treatment for severe hyperkalemia but in this case there are several factors related that might impact magnitude of removal of potassium, one such parameter being dialysate concentration of potassium, glucose and bicarbonate along with dialyzer blood flow. As most potassium removal happens during removal first 2 hours at times when potassium gradient between dialysate and blood is the highest(Sterns, 2010). For the patient hemodialysis is performed by use of 2-mm dialysate potassium concentration (2-K). By increasing potassium gradient in blood and dialysate lowering of dialysate potassium concentration can be done. But increasing potassium removal by lowering dialysate potassium concentration might impair dialysis adequacy. Low potassium dialysate increases potassium removal and is an effect treatment for acute hyperkalemia with ESRD. Such treatment might however reduce efficiency of urea clearance and aggravate ventricular arrhythmias(Khosla, 2009). Allon and Shanklin depicted that administering nebulized albuterol in patient 30 minutes before dialysis can lower potassium removal at the time of dialysis. There might be exaggerated rebound in serum potassium in case beta-adrenergic wears off post 4 to 6 hours. Preventing hyperkalemia in dialysis patient is of utmost importance. As kidney is the major source for excretion of dietary potassium, limiting such intake is critical for anephric dialysis patients. The patient need to be limited his daily dietary potassium to 2 to 3 grams by restricting potassium rich foods as beans, lentils, squash, chocolate, potatoes, salt substitutes, which are especially found in Chinese foods(Group., 2009). The patient is unable to intake much food due to vomiting and hepatic cysts. Due to suppr essed endogenous insulin secretion fasting hyperkalemia might be noted. As a result of net shift of potassium in intracellular compartments there might be decreased levels of plasma insulin. Dialysis patients lack adaptive measures or healthy controls hence they develop hyperkalemia. In various cases prolonged fasting leads to increase in serum potassium in dialysis patients with normal controls. In case dialysis patients are subjected to prolonged fasting there needs to monitoring for hyperkalemia. Acute renal failure (ARF) has claimed over 20-25% lives in ICU that has further risen leading to multi organ failure. However, the mortality of the diseases greatly depends upon underlying diseases and other risks factors in critically ill patients. Till date literature analysis had been focused on continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) and conventional intermittent haemodialysis (IHD). The time during which each one is applied greatly varies as CRRT has to be applied continuously and IHD is applied few hours during the day. IHD has to be an efficient therapy for fluid removal and toxins. IHD is performed by a low-flux dialysis member using diffusive therapies with high dialysate flow requiring dialysis monitor. CRRT modalities are low on efficiency hence a rather continuous technique is applied. CRRT is done using high-flux membrane with industry made substitution fluid in bags by convective therapy. CRRT demands less of technical expertise whereas IHD requires technical expert ise of dialysis team as well as nursing(Pavlakovi?, 2010). CRRT is found to be better technique as compared to IHD with mixed review of patients in both treatments. In case of CRRT haemodynamic stability of patient is greater as compared to IHD. In this case also CRRT would have yield better results as the patient had been suffering from hypertension with increased BP during IHD. IHD cannot deliver epuration in high catabolic ARF patient of ICU, but its was prescribed often for desired levels of metabolic control. There is still debate regarding biocompatibility of dialysis member with ARF patient. In case of biocompatible members outcomes were better with lower cases of sepsis as against cellulosic membranes. There are loss of amino acid and protein with use of high-flux polysulfone membranes as compared to low-flux cuprophane membranes. This can lead to inadequate nutrition management of patient. For treating lactic acidosis CRRT can be used as a modality for patients with multipl e organ failure. Extracorporal clearing of lactate is calculated to be low as against internal metabolisation hence metabolic acidosis cannot be effected by CRRT. CRRT can help in removing of mediators of inflammation, sepsis and cytokines. Molecules can be removed by membrane convection or adsorption, rate of synthesis of such molecules will not decrease their levels of plasma. Removal of anti-inflammatory cytokines with balance of anti and pro-inflammatory molecule plasma levels will be unchanged. CRRT is more expensive when compared to IHD as there is a need for large quantities of industry-prepared dialysate for artificial kidneys. Primary differences in IHD and CRRT arise from their weaknesses as IHD allows intermittent therapy that has haemodynamic intolerance. Conclusion Intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) involves steady renal replacement therapy for effective management of modalities. Hyperkalemia is an end stage renal disease that can be rectified with CRRT. For treatment purpose the patient may be administered with insulin and glucose, albuterol. Removal of potassium might also be suggested for patients as cation-exchange resins have not been used significantly. Across the world dialytic removing of potassium is the mostly used therapy. There can also be intervention with prevention of interdialytic hyperkalemia. Reference Lists Einhorn, L. M. (2009). The frequency of hyperkalemia and its significance in chronic kidney disease. Archives of internal medicine, 1156-1162. Group., E. T. (2009). Strict blood-pressure control and progression of renal failure in children. N Engl J Med, 2009, 1639-1650. Khosla, N. K. (2009). Predictors of hyperkalemia risk following hypertension control with aldosterone blockade. American journal of nephrology, 418-424. Lehnhardt, A. . (2011). Pathogenesis, diagnosis and management of hyperkalemia. Pediatric nephrology, 377-384. Montague, B. T. (2008). Retrospective review of the frequency of ECG changes in hyperkalemia. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 324-330. Packham, D. K.-S. (2015). Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate in hyperkalemia. New England Journal of Medicine, 222-231. Pannu, N. K. (2008). Renal replacement therapy in patients with acute renal failure: a systematic review. Jama, 793-805. Pavlakovi?, H. K. (2010). Hyperkalemia complicating propranolol treatment of an infantile hemangioma. Pediatrics, e1589-e1593. Smith, H. M. (2008). Cardiac arrests associated with hyperkalemia during red blood cell transfusion: a case series. Anesthesia Analgesia, 1062-1069. Sterns, R. H. (2010). Ion-exchange resins for the treatment of hyperkalemia: are they safe and effective? Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, 733-735. Weir, M. R. (2015). Patiromer in patients with kidney disease and hyperkalemia receiving RAAS inhibitors. New England Journal of Medicine, 211-221. Weir, M. R. (2015). Patiromer in patients with kidney disease and hyperkalemia receiving RAAS inhibitors. New England Journal of Medicine, 211-221. Weisberg, L. S. (2008). Management of severe hyperkalemia. Critical care medicine, 3246-3251.

Affective Commitment to Change and Innovation Implementation Behavior

Question: Describe about the Affective Commitment to Change and Innovation Implementation Behavior? Answer: Introduction There was a time when Information Technology was considered as a secondary function in the organization. With spread of technology, Information System has emerged as important business function. There was a time when Information Systems were used primarily by large organizations only. With time, the cost of Information Technology has reduced and today IT is being used by large as well as small organizations. Still today, small size companies do not find it easy to afford the high costs of Information Technology. One of the ways for small organizations to overcome the cost of Information Technology to use IT as a service through cloud computing. It can be said that cloud computing has emerged as a powerful way of operations in last decade or so. With the help of cloud computing even small organizations can use IT without installing hardware and software at their premises. Cloud computing involves deploying groups of remote servers and softwarenetworksthat allow centralized data storag e and online access to computer services or resources (Friedman, 2013). Clouds can be classified as public, private orhybrid. The companies like Google and Yahoo offer cloud solutions to end customers as well as individuals. In todays world, Google Mail is one of the best example of cloud computing. In the case of cloud computing the data of company would be stored in a shared server. With cloud computing the employees if the firm would get the access through a server that could be located anywhere. One of the disadvantages of cloud computing is that employees can face certain access management issues. The objective of this paper is to analyze and discuss the strategies for the resolution of employee access and identity management issues in a small IT organization dealing with Cloud computing. A brief organizational background and specific issues can be discussed as: Organizational background The organization is a small website development company by the name of ABC Web Development Company. The company operates in computer industry and it is into operations for last 20 years. The company is based out in Sydney and it has its presence in various parts of Australia. The company has small employee strength of 200 employees spread across its offices in Australia. The organizations used cloud computing as a service. The information of the organization is shared on a private and restricted cloud and only users with authorization can access the cloud. The objective of this research work would be to identify the access management issues for employees and develop the strategies to resolve these issues. The purpose, aims and specific research questions of this project can be discussed as: Purpose and Aims This research would be done only for ABC Company. This research would be used to help ABC to overcome the access management issues. In the current scenario all the employees have to perform double authentication before accessing the computer systems of the company. Not all the employees are comfortable with the current cumbersome process. The specific research questions for this research project can be discussed as: Identify all the access and identify management issues for ABC Company on their private cloud. Develop strategies and policies to overcome the identify management issues. Develop short term and long-term resolution strategies. Significance There has been a lot of work done in the field of cloud computing. The biggest benefit of cloud computing is that it helps organizations to save the cost. Theprocess of controlling identity, access and delivery of services was relatively simple when employees only had one desktop computer to log in to every morning. Unfortunately, that is no longer the case for most organizationsnow. ABC Company has a network of computer systems and the employees of the company would login into the network of the company and not just a computer system. Different computer systems of the company are on a single network and this network can be accessed through a cloud system. This research work would be most significant for small size and mid size companies. This research work should help the small companies, which want to make decisions about the use of cloud computing in their environment. This research work should be able to answer the doubts and issues of small companies who are anxious about the use of cloud computing. Project approach and design This project would include a mixed method of research. The mixed method of research would use a combination of both primary and secondary research. Any project is executed best when both primary and secondary research are used (McCalman, 2008). The primary and secondary research that would be used for this project can be discussed as: Primary research The primary research for this project would use the information that would be collected directly from the management and employees of ABC Company. As a part of primary research, two questionnaires would be developed. One of the questionnaires would be developed specifically for management and other questionnaire would be developed for the employees of ABC. The question in the survey would be both open ended and close ended in nature. The ratio between close ended and open-ended questions would be 80% to 20%. It is always good to use more of close-ended questions so that respondents find it easy to answer (Armenakis, 2007). The management of the company would be asked certain open-ended questions but it is better to avoid open-ended questions to employees of ABC. The questionnaires would be mailed to management and employees of the company through emails. The respondents would be asked to fill the questions and mail back. As a part of this research, a sample size of 100 participants would be considered. It would include 90 employees of the company and 10 people from management. A sample of the questions for management and employees of the company can be discussed as: Secondary research The secondary research for this research work would consists of study on Internet and other sources. The websites on Internet and online library would act as great source of information for this research project. It would be important to mention that secondary research would include studying only the reliable websites. Not all the websites on the Internet has genuine content. It is important to refer only the peer-reviewed journals (Seatter, 2014). The secondary research for this project would continue along with primary research. The secondary research for this research work would also include the literature review of vast literature. A brief literature review for this research can be discussed as: Literature review (Byrne Lynn, 2007) have highlighted the benefits of cloud computing for small and mid-size organizations. It is important that organizations must have both short term and long-term plans for the use of Information Technology. An important part of IT strategy of small organization is the emphasis on cloud computing. Along with the benefits of cloud computing, organizations must also focus on the risks of cloud computing. A risk assessment plan would help organizations to avoid the risks in short term and mitigate the risks in long term. (Stegmaier Sontagg, 2009) discussed the various resolution strategies for access management system for organizations that uses cloud computing. It can be said that employee involvement should be high in order to overcome the risks of access management issues. It is important that employees should be provided adequate training in order to help them to overcome the access and identification management issues. The support from senior stakeholders is also required to ensure that the issues of employees can be overcome. It is important that management should also develop a strategic plan to overcome the issues. The issues of access management and identification management can also bring in certain chain management issues. It is important that management should have polices and strategies to overcome the change management issues that may come up with access management and identification issues (Zhang Xu, 2011). Project Plan Any research work should starts with the issues identification phase. This phase should thought of a phase where the underlying issues to conduct the issues would be decided. The detailed project plan for this research work can be discussed as: Phase Timelines Comments Issue identification 2 weeks It would be the phase where issues would be identified and foundation of research work would be done Research objective and background 2 weeks It would be the phase where specific research objectives would be laid down and research questions would be formulated Primary research 6 weeks It would be the phase where the questionnaire would be emailed to participants Secondary research 6 weeks It would be the phase research would be done on Internet. This phase would start along with primary research and would end with primary research Data Collection 5 weeks It would be the phase in which data would be collected from various respondents Data Analysis 4 weeks It would be the phase where data would be analyzed. The tools like SPSS and Microsoft Excel would be used to analyze the data Research Output 3 weeks It would be the phase where research would be concluded and research output would be formulated Reporting 2 weeks It would be the phase where the results of the research would be made public. Risk assessment There would be various risks that would surround this research project. The risks for this project would include social risks as well as technological risks. Another important risk is the delay in the execution of the project or time slippage issues. A risk mitigation plan for different risk can be discussed as: Risk Probability Impact Mitigation strategy Timeline slippage (This risk would occur if the project plan is not followed) High Medium It is important there should be a check point at each of the milestone and a buffer should be added to the timelines Primary research risks (There is always a risk if the participants would provide true and unbiased information or not) Medium High It is important that data should be filtered to remove the bias and it is also important that simple questions should be asked to participants so that they can provide true information Secondary research risks (There is always a risk if some false information is collected from a website) Low Medium It is important that only reliable websites should be referred and only peer reviewed journals should be used as part of this research Legal risks (It is important that all the legal guidelines should be followed) Low Medium It is important that researcher should take the services of a legal council that would guide researcher Ethical risks (It is important that none of the unethical practices should be followed) Medium Medium It is important that researcher should remain motivated through out the research duration Ethics One of an important part for any research project is the ethical consideration. In this research project there would be ethical considerations form the side of researcher as well as from the side of participants. It is expected that the participants would show high ethical standards while answering the questions. It is important that the participants would not provide any false information. At the end of research, it is expected that he would not use the data and information for any other purposes. The information that would be collected with primary research would be kept truly confidential and would not be shared with any other individuals or agency (Frattini, 2011). It is important the researcher should sign the contract wherein he would be legally abided to not to share the data collection part. In addition, the personal information of the employees and managers who would participate in this research work would also be kept confidential. Communication The success or failure of any research work would not only depend on the way project is executed but it would also depend on the way the results of the project are communicated to the outside world. It is expected that a research project would be developed that would be shared with the audience (Schroth, 2008). It is important the researcher should consent with all the members of the research before publishing the research report. For this research work, a well-structured report would be developed as a document file. The document would also have a section of executive summary that would detail down the research results. In addition to a document, a small presentation using Microsoft PPT would also be made that would highlight the research work and research results in 10 slides. This presentation would be helpful for those who just want to get a high-level idea of the research. References Akgn, A. E., Byrne, J. C., Lynn, G. S., Keskin, H. (2007). 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